By
Dr Miguel Fernandez-Nino PhD
| Reviewed by
Dr Anny Manrich (PhD)
Page last updated:
29/06/2023 |
Next review date:
29/06/2025
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The contents of this article are fact-based except otherwise stated within the article.
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Author bio
Dr Miguel Fernández-Niño is a food scientist with expertise in food biochemistry, Food microbiology, synthetic biology, food waste valorisation, and industrial biotechnology. He writes and reviews content on these topics.
Dr. Fernández-Niño’s Highlights:
- Colombian scientist, with a Ph.D. in Biochemical Engineering from the Jacobs University Bremen (Germany).
- Alexander von Humboldt Postdoctoral Fellow at the Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry in Halle (Germany).
- Expertise in using multi-omics approaches (e.g., metabolomics, metagenomics, and metatranscriptomics) to re-engineer products and processes of relevance for the food industry.
- Expertise in designing microorganisms (microbial biofactories and starter cultures) to produce value-added products and food waste valorisation.
“My professional goal is to contribute to the education and research in Food Engineering and Food Biotechnology. The major incentive of my career is to contribute to the diffusion of scientific knowledge in society, thus promoting rational thinking and evidence-based decision-making”- Dr. Fernández-Niño’s, PhD.
Professional Experience:
Dr Fernández-Niño works as an Alexander von Humboldt Postdoctoral Fellow, at the Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, in Halle (Germany). He leads a project that aims to improve fine-flavour cocoa bean fermentation for local farmers in Colombia through controlled fermentation systems.
Previously, Dr Fernández-Niño worked as a Postdoctoral Fellow on the bio-catalytic synthesis of isoferulic acid (BMBF project) in the same institution.
Dr Fernández-Niño also worked as a Postdoctoral researcher at the Department of Chemical and Food Engineering at Los Andes University in Colombia, working on the development of a platform to produce novel aroma precursor compounds and high value-added products from analysis of cocoa fermentation.
In addition, Dr. Fernández-Niño worked on the assembly of a platform for heterologous polyphenols production in E. coli from analysis of cacao fermentation pathways, in the same institution.
Dr. Fernández-Niño has been an occasional scientific adviser of Casa Luker S.A. (leader in the Colombian chocolate market), working on projects related to the post-harvesting of fine-flavour cocoa. He also worked as instructor and coordinator of the lab course General Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II Lab (Course No. CH02-520121) at Jacobs University Bremen (Germany) and as a Resident Associate in the same institution.
Finally, Dr Miguel Fernández-Niño has experience as Part-Time Assistant Professor, Occasional Professor, and Master Teaching Assistant.
Education:
- 2009 B.Sc. Biologist at Universidad Nacional de Colombia
- 2012 Master in Science – Biochemistry (Thesis “magna cum laude”) at Universidad Nacional de Colombia
- 2017 PhD in Biochemical Engineering at Jacobs University Bremen-Germany
The main publications of Dr Miguel Fernández-Niño are:
Fabio Herrera-Rocha, Miguel Fernández-Niño*, Mónica P. Cala, Jorge Duitama, Andrés Fernando González Barrios (2023) Omics approaches to understand cocoa processing and chocolate flavor development: A review. Food Research International. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112555
Fernández-Niño Miguel* and Burgos-Toro Daniela (2022) Engineering microbial biofactories for a sustainable future. Chapter edited by Catalina Correa & Adriana Suarez-Gonzalez in the book: Genomics and the Global Bioeconomy -1st Edition-. ISBN 9780323916011. Publisher: ELSEVIER: https://www.elsevier.com/books/genomics-and-the-global-bioeconomy/patrinos/978-0-323-91601-1
Fabio Herrera-Rocha, Mónica P. Cala, Ana Maria León-Inga, Jenny Lorena Aguirre Mejía, Claudia M. Rodríguez-López, Sergio Leonardo Florez, María José Chica, Héctor Hugo Olarte, Jorge Duitama, Andrés Fernando González Barrios, Miguel Fernández-Niño* (2022) Lipidomic profiling of bioactive lipids during spontaneous fermentations of fine-flavor cocoa. Food Chemistry. Volume 397. 133845, ISSN 0308-8146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133845.
Díaz-Bustamante ML, Fernández-Niño M, Reyes LH and Alvarez Solano OA (2022) Multiscale Approach to Dairy Products Design. Front. Chem. Eng. 4:830314. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fceng.2022.830314.
Ramón E. Jaimez*, Luigy Barragan, Miguel Fernández-Niño*, Ludger A. Wessjohann, George Cedeño-Garcia, Ignacio Sotomayor, Francisco Arteaga, (2022): Theobroma cacao L. cultivar CCN 51: A comprehensive review on origin, genetics, sensory properties, production dynamics, and physiological aspects. PeerJ 10:e12676 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12676.
Fabio Herrera‑Rocha, Mónica P. Cala, Jenny Lorena Aguirre Mejía, Claudia M. Rodríguez‑López, María José Chica, Héctor Hugo Olarte, Miguel Fernández‑Niño* & Andrés Fernando Gonzalez Barrios*. (2021): Dissecting fine‑flavor cocoa bean fermentation through metabolomics analysis to break down the current metabolic paradigm. Scientific Reports 11(21904) DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-01427-8.
Fernández-Niño, M., Rodríguez-Cubillos, MJ., Herrera-Rocha, F., Anzola, JM., Cepeda-Hernández, ML., Aguirre, L., Chica, MJ., Olarte, HH., Rodríguez, CM., Calderón, D., Ramírez-Rojas, A., Del Portillo, P., Restrepo, S., González Barrios, A.* (2021): Dissecting on-farm industrial fermentations of fine-flavour cocoa through metagenomic analysis. Scientific Reports 11(8638) DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-88048-3.
Buitrago Mora, HM., Arango Piñeros, M., Espinosa Moreno, D., Restrepo, S., Cardona Jaramillo, JEC., Álvarez Solano, OA., Fernandez-Niño, M., González Barrios, A.* (2019): Multiscale design of a dairy beverage model composed of Candida utilis single cell protein supplemented with oleic acid. Journal of Dairy Science. 102(11) 9749-9762 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2019-16729.
Fernández-Niño, M., Giraldo, D., Gomez-Porras, JL., Dreyer, I., González Barrios, A., Arevalo-Ferro, C.* (2017): A synthetic multi-cellular network of coupled self-sustained oscillators. PLOS ONE 12(6): e0180155 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180155.
Fernández-Niño, M., Marquina, M. Swinnen, S.,Rodríguez-Porrata, B., Nevoigt, E.*, Ariño, J. (2015):The Cytosolic pH of Individual Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cells Is a Key Factor in Acetic Acid Tolerance. Appl Environ Microbiol 81(22): 7813-7821 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02313-15.
Swinnen, S., Fernández-Niño, M., González-Ramos, D., van Maris, AJ., Nevoigt, E.* (2014): The fraction of cells that resume growth after acetic acid addition is a strain-dependent parameter of acetic acid tolerance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Yeast Res 14(4): 642-653 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1567-1364.12151.
Conference appearances and other speaking engagements
Selected courses delivered:
Course: Current technologies in the production of chocolates. (20 hours course). Invited as professor by the Department of Chemical and Food Engineering / Faculty of Engineering at Los Andes University-Colombia. July (2021).
Course: Design and assembly of microorganisms for the biomedical industry (20 horas course). Invited as professor by the School of Engineering and Science- Instituto Tecnologico de Monterrey (México). January 15-17 (2019)
Selected oral presentations and conferences:
Conference: Dissecting fine-flavour cocoa bean fermentation through multi-omics approaches. Speaker invited by the Organic Chemistry Department at The University of Buenos Aires -Argentina. Sep. 07 (2022).
Conference: Theobroma cacao L. cultivar CCN 51. Association of Producers of Fine Cocoa and Aroma (APROCAFA), Ecuador. March 15 (2022).
Conference: Biology of probiotics and prebiotics. Speaker invited by the Chemical and Food Engineer Department at Los Andes University-Colombia. June 27 (2020).
Conference: Pandemic food revolution. Speaker invited by the Chemical and Food Engineer Department at Los Andes University-Colombia. May 5 (2020).
Conference: Biochemistry and microbiology of cocoa fermentation. Speaker invited to the elective course: cocoa and Chocolate, organized by Casa Luker and the Department of Chemical Engineering at Los Andes University-Colombia. February 5 and 7 (2019)
Oral presentation: Lipidomic profiling of bioactive lipids during spontaneous fermentation of fine-flavour cocoa. Metabolomics 2022. Valencia, Spain. June 19-23 (2022).
Oral presentation: Exploration of Saccharomyces cerevisiae intra-species diversity for the identification of novel genetic determinants for acetic acid tolerance with the help of pooled-segregant RNA sequencing. ISSY33 International Specialized Symposium on Yeasts at University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, June 24-29. (2017)
You can view some of Dr Miguel’s work below and links to his professional profile.
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Miguel-Fernandez-Nino
https://www.linkedin.com/in/miguel-fern%C3%A1ndez-ni%C3%B1o-4a064b168/?locale=en_US
https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=JBb1zuoAAAAJ&hl=en
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8231-7989
https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=56123747300
https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/1296449/overview
https://www.intechopen.com/profiles/158295
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Reviewer bio
Dr Anny Manrich PhD is a food Engineer with expertise in Food Technology, Natural Polymers, Edible Films, Enzymes, and Nanotechnology. She writes and reviews content on these topics.
Dr Anny Manrich’s Highlights:
- Research and Technology at the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation
- PhD in Chemical Engineering with a focus on Biochemistry at the Federal University of Sao Carlos/ Brazil and a one-year scholarship at the Technical University of Munich/ Germany
- Bachelor of Food Engineering at the University of Campinas/ Brazil and a one-year scholarship at the Technical University of Munich/ Germany
“To solve a problem, global vision and multifactorial understanding are necessary. Therefore, in addition to expertise, one should seek multidisciplinary thinking connected with science and reality” – Dr Anny Manrich, PhD.
Professional Experience:
Dr Anny Manrich’s Experience Joining the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, as soon as she completed her doctorate,
Dr Anny Manrich has worked on several projects, including the more than three-year partnership project with BRF, a major food producer in Brazil. As a postdoctoral fellow.
Dr Anny Manrich has also contributed to several business consultancies and research projects of the National Nanotechnology Laboratory System in areas such as food technology, fibres, films and coatings and Nanotechnology; in a very determined way, having a great team relationship, being creative and committed.
Growing concerns about the safe introduction of nanomaterials into today’s life emphasises the need to create regulatory documentation in front of characterising, using and testing them. Dr Anny Manrich worked for two years on a characterization project for nanoscale materials, with the aim of exploring their possible health effects.
Despite not having specific academic training in packaging or polymeric films, Dr Anny Manrich works at the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation in areas of edible and biodegradable films produced from agricultural waste and in the development of films with greater resistance to water, having articles published in renowned scientific journals, which demonstrates her multidisciplinary understanding and creativity.
In addition, she worked for four years as a consultant to a food company to develop a line of snacks that are healthy and that add functional ingredients, physiologically active compounds that bring health benefits, made from fruits and vegetables, enabling diet improvement, disease prevention and reduction of nutritional deficiencies.
Dr Anny Manrich participated as a member of the examination board for two Master’s exams and one PhD exam at the Department of Chemical Engineering of the Federal University of São Carlos.
Education:
- 2001 Bachelor in Food Engineering at the State University of Campinas, Brazil
- 1999 One year scholarship at the Technical University of Munich
- 2004 Master in Chemical Engineering at the Federal University of São Carlos, Brazil
- 2012 PhD in Chemical Engineering at the Federal University of São Carlos, Brazil
- 2010 One year scholarship at the Technical University of Munich
The main publications of Dr. Anny Manrich are:
Articles
Manrich, A., Moreira, F. K., Otoni, C. G., Lorevice, M. V., Martins, M. A., & Mattoso, L. H. (2017). Hydrophobic edible films made up of tomato cutin and pectin. Carbohydrate Polymers, 164, 83-91.
Mendes, J. F., Norcino, L. B., Martins, H. H. A., Manrich, A., Otoni, C. G., Carvalho, E. E. N., … & Mattoso, L. H. C. (2020). Correlating emulsion characteristics with the properties of active starch films loaded with lemongrass essential oil. Food Hydrocolloids, 100, 105428.
Norcino, L. B., Mendes, J. F., Natarelli, C. V. L., Manrich, A., Oliveira, J. E., & Mattoso, L. H. C. (2020). Pectin films loaded with copaiba oil nanoemulsions for potential use as bio-based active packaging. Food Hydrocolloids, 106, 105862.
Manrich, Anny, et al. Immobilization of trypsin on chitosan gels: Use of different activation protocols and comparison with other supports. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 43.1 (2008): 54-61.
Manrich, Anny; Komesu, Andrea ; Adriano, Wellington Sabino; Tardioli, Paulo Waldir ; Giordano, Raquel Lima Camargo . Immobilization and Stabilization of Xylanase by Multipoint Covalent Attachment on Agarose and on Chitosan Supports. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, v. 161, p. 455-467, 2010.
Mendes, J. F., Martins, J. T., Manrich, A., Neto, A. S., Pinheiro, A. C. M., Mattoso, L. H. C., & Martins, M. A. (2019). Development and physical-chemical properties of pectin film reinforced with spent coffee grounds by continuous casting. Carbohydrate polymers, 210, 92-99..
Milessi, T. S., Kopp, W., Rojas, M. J., Manrich, A., Baptista-Neto, A., Tardioli, P. W., … & Giordano, R. L. (2016). Immobilization and stabilization of an endoxylanase from Bacillus subtilis (XynA) for xylooligosaccharides (XOs) production. Catalysis Today, 259, 130-139.
Mendes, J. F., Norcino, L. B., Manrich, A., Pinheiro, A. C. M., Oliveira, J. E., & Mattoso, L. H. C. (2020). Development, physical‐chemical properties, and photodegradation of pectin film reinforced with malt bagasse fibers by continuous casting. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 137(39), 49178.
Mendes, J. F., Martins, J. T., Manrich, A., Luchesi, B. R., Dantas, A. P. S., Vanderlei, R. M., … & Martins, M. A. (2021). Thermo-physical and mechanical characteristics of composites based on high-density polyethylene (HDPE) e spent coffee grounds (SCG). Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 29, 2888-2900..
Mendes, J. F., Norcino, L. B., Martins, H. H., Manrich, A., Otoni, C. G., Carvalho, E. E. N., … & Mattoso, L. H. C. (2021). Development of quaternary nanocomposites made up of cassava starch, cocoa butter, lemongrass essential oil nanoemulsion, and brewery spent grain fibers. Journal of Food Science, 86(5), 1979-1996.
Manrich, A., Martins, M. A., & Mattoso, L. H. C. (2021). Manufacture and performance of peanut skin cellulose nanocrystals. Scientia Agricola, 79.
Nascimento, V. M., Manrich, A., Tardioli, P. W., de Campos Giordano, R., de Moraes Rocha, G. J., & Giordano, R. D. L. C. (2016). Alkaline pretreatment for practicable production of ethanol and xylooligosaccharides. Bioethanol, 2(1)..
Manrich, Anny, de Oliveira, J. E., Martins, M. A., & Mattoso, L. H. C. Physicochemical and Thermal Characterization of the Spirulina platensis. J. Agric. Sci. Technol. B, v. 10, p. 298-307, 2020.
Book Chapter
Terra, I. A. A., Aoki, P. H., Delezuk, J. A. D. M., Martins, M. A., Manrich, A., Silva, M. J., … & Miranda, P. B. (2022). Técnicas de Caracterização de Polímeros. Nanotecnologia Aplicada a Polímeros, 614.
Conference Papers
Ferreira, L. F., Luvizaro, L. B., Manrich, A., Martins, M. A., Júnior, M. G., & Dias, M. V. (2017). Comparação da estabilidade de suspensões poliméricas de amido/tocoferol e quitosana/tocoferol. In: CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE POLÍMEROS, 14., 2017, Águas de Lindóia, SP.
Manrich, A., Hubinger, S. Z., & Paris, E. C. (2017). Citotoxicidade causada por nanomateriais: avaliação do micronúcleo. In: WORKSHOP DA REDE DE NANOTECNOLOGIA APLICADA AO AGRONEGÓCIO, 9., 2017, São Carlos. Anais… São Carlos: Embrapa Instrumentação, 2017. p. 655-658.
Manrich, Anny, et al. Immobilization and Stabilization of Xylanase by multipoint covalent attachment on Glyoxyl Agarose Support. The 31st Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals. 2009.
Manrich, Anny, et al. Application of immobilized xylanase on hydrolysis of soluble wood hemicelluloses after using microwave and organosolv pre-treatments. The 32nd Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals. 2010.
You can view some of Dr Anny’s work below and links to her professional profile.
Research Gate: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Anny-Manrich-2
Scopus: https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=23103497100
Google Scholar: https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=Ea9qpr0AAAAJ
Linkedin: https://br.linkedin.com/in/anny-manrich-20693129
In this brief article, we will answer the question: “How to tell if meat is bad after cooking?”. Moreover, we will discuss the health consequences of eating meat that has spoiled after cooking, and how to prevent the cooked meat from going bad.
How to tell if meat is bad after cooking?
Here are some signs to look out for to determine if the meat has gone bad after cooking:
- Odor: The stench of spoiled meat is often strong and unpleasant. If you notice a foul or rotten smell emanating from the cooked meat, it is a clear indication that it has spoiled. The odor may be so strong that it causes your face to squint.
- Texture: Rotting meat may develop a sticky or slimy texture. If the cooked meat feels excessively slimy or sticky to the touch, it is a sign of bacterial growth and decomposition. Fresh, properly cooked meat should have a firm and moist texture.
You know something is wrong when the meat you’ve just cooked seems “slimy” or “wet”. Avoid using your tongue to taste any meat that has a slimy coating on it. You may prevent food poisoning by not placing the meat in your mouth to taste.
You should never eat or taste spoiled meat as they harmful microorganisms growing on it can make you very sick (1-5)
- Color: The color of spoiled meat may also change noticeably. While cooked meat may naturally undergo some color changes during the cooking process, such as browning or caramelization, rotten meat may exhibit an abnormal color.
In the case of poultry, which includes chicken and turkey, the color should generally range between bluish-white and yellow. If the meat appears greenish, grayish, or has patches of mold, it is an indication of spoilage.
- Mold: Your pot of cooked meat should be thrown out as soon as you uncover it and see that the meat has been coated with mold. If you observe a little patch forming on the meat, most people will clip it off and discard it as waste.
You can’t determine whether this mold is harmful if you eat it, so it’s best to avoid eating it if you can. Your meat should be scrapped as soon as you detect those things are becoming foggy.Be careful with molds as they produce dangerous mycotoxins that can make you very sick (6).
It is important to note that these signs may vary depending on the type of meat and the specific circumstances of its storage and cooking.
Remember that when in doubt, it is always better to err on the side of caution and discard meat that exhibits any of these signs of spoilage.
Can you get sick from eating meat that has spoiled after cooking?
Yes, eating meat that has spoiled after cooking can pose various dangers to your health. When meat undergoes spoilage, harmful bacteria can multiply and produce toxins that can cause different foodborne illnesses (1-5).
Here are some symptoms that someone may experience after consuming spoiled meat, along with some examples of the pathogens commonly associated with meat spoilage:
- Gastrointestinal distress: Consuming spoiled meat can lead to gastrointestinal symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, stomach cramps, and diarrhea (7).
These symptoms may be accompanied by an overall feeling of illness. Pathogens like Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Escherichia coli can cause these gastrointestinal infections (8).
- Food Poisoning: Foodborne illnesses caused by eating spoiled meat can result in food poisoning. Symptoms of food poisoning may include abdominal pain, fever, headache, muscle aches, and dehydration (9).
Pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens, and Bacillus cereus are common culprits of food poisoning (10).
- Salmonellosis: Salmonella is a bacteria that can contaminate meat and cause salmonellosis (11-12). Symptoms typically appear within 12 to 72 hours after consumption and may include diarrhea, fever, abdominal cramps, and vomiting (11).
Salmonella is commonly found in poultry, pork, and ground beef.
- Campylobacteriosis: Campylobacter is a bacterial pathogen often associated with undercooked or contaminated poultry, including chicken (13).
Symptoms of campylobacteriosis include diarrhea (often bloody), abdominal pain, fever, and nausea. These symptoms usually appear within 2 to 5 days after exposure (13).
- E. coli Infections: Certain strains of E. coli, such as E. coli O157:H7, can cause severe illness . Contaminated ground beef and other meats have been associated with E. coli outbreaks (11).
Symptoms may include bloody diarrhea, abdominal cramps, vomiting, and in severe cases, kidney damage. Symptoms usually manifest within 3 to 4 days after exposure (9).
You should know that the severity of symptoms can vary depending on the individual’s health (14) and the specific pathogen involved. You should always be careful and never eat spoiled meat even if it was cooked.
What should you do if you suspect you have eaten meat that has spoiled after cooking?
If you have eaten meat that has spoiled after cooking, you should first monitor any symptoms that may develop, particularly gastrointestinal issues, and stay hydrated to prevent dehydration as recommended (15).
It is important that you seek medical advice if symptoms are severe, persistent, or if you are vulnerable.
You should also consider reporting the incident to food safety authorities and prevent cross-contamination by thoroughly cleaning utensils and surfaces.
Finally, remember that you should practice proper handling and storage rules (16) in the future to minimize the risk of consuming spoiled meat.
Why does cooked meat spoil?
For a variety of reasons, individuals consume terrible meat. Some people may consume rotten meat because they didn’t realize it had gone bad before they ate it, which is understandable.
It’s also possible that they are on a limited budget and don’t want to throw out food. If you consume a poor-quality piece of meat, you might end up injuring yourself or even killing yourself (17).
Bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus, Bacillus, Salmonella, and Clostridium may be found in any poor meat, whether it is raw or cooked (17).
Millions of instances of intoxication are brought on each year by these food-borne disorders. Cooked meat that has gone bad accounts for about 90% of these occurrences (17).
Bacteria in poor meat may multiply two times every twenty minutes if the preservation temperature is between 40- and 140-degrees Fahrenheit (18).
That’s why you should do a thorough examination of your meat to ensure that it hasn’t gone bad. Knives for Cutting Meat should be used to cut the meat. You may then get a closer look at the meat’s inside. It’s a terrible indicator if you detect bits of slime or strange areas.
Food poisoning may be dangerous (9), but you can prevent it by learning how to recognize when your meat has gone bad using the tips described above.
How to store meat so it lasts longer?
Make sure to check the expiration date on the package of meat before you purchase it. You should not consume any meat that is beyond its sell-by date.
No matter how cheap the meat may be, always check the packaging for an expiration date before purchasing it.
The color of the meat you’re considering purchasing is a strong indicator of ruined meat, so be sure to scrutinize it thoroughly. Most people believe that meat that is brilliant red indicates freshness.
To them, the meat seems red because it has been exposed to air, which is not what causes it to be red. In terms of color, chicken meat should be blue or yellow, whereas pork should be pink or gray.
Check the meat’s odor to see whether it has a rotten taste. It doesn’t matter what kind of meat it is if it smells bad.
The meat should be thoroughly examined before purchase to determine whether it has any kind of sticky or slimy residue.
Preserving your meat is another approach to ensure that it doesn’t go bad. If you want to keep your meat safe, you may freeze it and store it at the right temperature. Because of this, it will still be nutritious and enjoyable to consume.
Conclusion:
In this brief article, we answered the question, “How to tell if meat is bad after cooking?”. Moreover, we discussed the health consequences of eating meat that has spoiled after cooking, and how to prevent the cooked meat from going bad.
References:
1. Olsvik Ø, Wasteson Y, Lund A, Hornes E. Pathogenic Escherichia coli found in food. Int J Food Microbiol [Internet]. 1991 Jan 1 [cited 2023 May 3];12(1):103–13. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2018703/
2. Thévenot D, Dernburg A, Vernozy-Rozand C. An updated review of Listeria monocytogenes in the pork meat industry and its products. J Appl Microbiol [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2023 May 21];101(1):7–17. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16834586/
3. Akbar A, Sitara U, Ahmed S, Ali I, Khan MI, Phadungchob T, et al. Presence of Escherichia coli in poultry meat: A potential food safety threat. Int Food Res J [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2023 May 3];21(3):941–5. Available from: http://www.ifrj.upm.edu.my/21%20(03)%202014/14%20IFRJ%2021%20(03)%202014%20Ali%20470.pdf
4. Ercolini D, Russo F, Torrieri E, Masi P, Villani F. Changes in the Spoilage-Related Microbiota of Beef during Refrigerated Storage under Different Packaging Conditions. Appl Environ Microbiol [Internet]. 2006 Jul [cited 2023 May 13];72(7):4663. Available from: https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/AEM.00468-06
5. Hennekinne J-A, Herbin S, Firmesse O, Auvray F. European Food Poisoning Outbreaks Involving Meat and Meat-based Products. Procedia Food Sci. 2015 Jan 1;5:93–6. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211601X15001145
6. Umesha S, Manukumar HM gowda, Chandrasekhar B, Shivakumara P, Shiva Kumar J, Raghava S, et al. Aflatoxins and food pathogens: impact of biologically active aflatoxins and their control strategies. J Sci Food Agric [Internet]. 2017 Apr 1 [cited 2023 May 17];97(6):1698–707. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jsfa.8144
7. Barrett J, Fhogartaigh CN. Bacterial gastroenteritis. Medicine (Baltimore) [Internet]. 2017 Nov 1 [cited 2023 May 18];45(11):683–9. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1357303917302177
8. Liu C, Mou J, Su YC. Behavior of Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes in Raw Yellowfin Tuna during Cold Storage. Foods 2016, Vol 5, Page 16 [Internet]. 2016 Mar 2 [cited 2023 Jun 2];5(1):16. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/5/1/16
9. Milaciu M V, Ciumărnean L, Orășan OH, Para I, Alexescu T, Negrean V. Semiology of food poisoning. Int J Bioflux Soc [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2023 May 10];8(2):108–13. Available from: http://hvm.bioflux.com.ro/docs/2015.108-113.pdf
10. Atanassova V, Meindl A, Ring C. Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and staphylococcal enterotoxins in raw pork and uncooked smoked ham—a comparison of classical culturing detection and RFLP-PCR. Int J Food Microbiol [Internet]. 2001 Aug 15 [cited 2023 May 23];68(1–2):105–13. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0168160501004792
11. Bintsis T. Foodborne pathogens. AIMS Microbiol [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2023 May 16];3(3):529. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6604998/
12. Bonardi S. Salmonella in the pork production chain and its impact on human health in the European Union. Epidemiol Infect [Internet]. 2017 Jun 1 [cited 2023 May 21];145(8):1513–26. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28241896/
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