Does dark chocolate expire?
By
Dr Rafael Frascino Cassaro (PhD)
| Reviewed by
Dr Anny Manrich (PhD)
The contents of this article are fact-based except otherwise stated within the article.
Author bio
Dr Rafael Frascino Cassaro PhD is a Chemist with expertise in Food Technology, extraction of essential oils from food sources, organocatalysis, extraction by supercritical CO2 and organic chemistry. He writes and reviews content on these topics.
Dr Rafael Frascino Cassaro’s Highlights:
- PIPE-FAPESP Project Coordinator for the company Bioativos Naturais Ltda involving the extraction of essential oils from food sources, with supercritical CO2.
- PhD in Chemistry with research in supercritical fluid reactivity.
- Bachelor of Environmental Chemistry at University of São Paulo State (UNESP)/Brazil
Professional Experience:
Dr Rafael Frascino Cassaro’s Experience:
Dr Rafael coordinated a PIPE-FAPESP Project (Company Research and Innovation Project) for the company Bioativos Naturais Ltda, involving the extraction of essential oils with supercritical CO2 from food sources such as turmeric, ginger, hops, orange bagasse, pepper rose, cupuaçu pie, among others.
Dr Rafael has worked on a project, involving studies of the influence of pre-treatment on the recovery of crude food extracts by extraction with supercritical CO2 (Supercritical Fluid Extraction or SFE) and with pressurized liquids (ethanol and water) for food sources, aimed at obtaining oleoresins; determination of global yield and chemical composition of crude extracts. As a postdoctoral fellow for the Food Engineering department at the University of Campinas/Brazil
Dr Rafael Frascino Cassaro has worked as a substitute Professor at the University of São Paulo State (UNESP) on General Chemistry and Thermodynamics II disciplines for the Food Engineering course.
Education:
- 2009 Bachelor in Environmental Chemistry at the State University of São Paulo, Brazil
- 2015 PhD in Chemistry with research in supercritical fluid reactivity University of São Paulo, Brazil
- 2017 Post Doctoral in Food Engineering Research: Influence of Biomass Pre-Treatment on Supercritical CO2 Extraction: Preservation of High Added Value Assets and Reduction of Process Costs at the State University of Campinas, Brazil
The main publications of Dr Rafael Frascino Cassaro are:
RC Bazito, RF CASSARO, LC OLIVEIRA, RA Gariani, CAO Nascimento. (2013). Proline derivatives as organocatalysts for the aldol reaction in conventional and non-conventional reaction media. Green Processing and Synthesis 2, 43-50
TS Bastos, SB Rodriguez Reartes, MS Zabaloy, RF Cassaro, RC Bazito. (2019).Phase Behavior for the System Carbon Dioxide plus p-Nitrobenzaldehyde: Experimental and Modeling JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING DATA 64 (5), 2116-2125
GH Sakae, LM Takata, AS Paulino, RC Bazito, RF Cassaro, C Princival, .(2013). A high enantioselective Proline-based helical polymer catalyst for aldol type reaction. Blucher Chemistry Proceedings 1 (2), 214-214
You can view some of Dr Rafael’s work below and links to his professional profile.
Research Gate: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rafael-Cassaro-2
Fapesp: https://bv.fapesp.br/pt/pesquisador/680718/rafael-frascino-cassaro/
Google Scholar: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=ToO7HIcAAAAJ&hl=en
Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/in/rafael-frascino-cassaro-4a156a37/?originalSubdomain=br
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3729-2858
Reviewer bio
Dr Anny Manrich PhD is a food Engineer with expertise in Food Technology, Natural Polymers, Edible Films, Enzymes, and Nanotechnology. She writes and reviews content on these topics.
Dr Anny Manrich’s Highlights:
- Research and Technology at the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation
- PhD in Chemical Engineering with a focus on Biochemistry at the Federal University of Sao Carlos/ Brazil and a one-year scholarship at the Technical University of Munich/ Germany
- Bachelor of Food Engineering at the University of Campinas/ Brazil and a one-year scholarship at the Technical University of Munich/ Germany
“To solve a problem, global vision and multifactorial understanding are necessary. Therefore, in addition to expertise, one should seek multidisciplinary thinking connected with science and reality” – Dr Anny Manrich, PhD.
Professional Experience:
Dr Anny Manrich’s Experience Joining the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, as soon as she completed her doctorate,
Dr Anny Manrich has worked on several projects, including the more than three-year partnership project with BRF, a major food producer in Brazil. As a postdoctoral fellow.
Dr Anny Manrich has also contributed to several business consultancies and research projects of the National Nanotechnology Laboratory System in areas such as food technology, fibres, films and coatings and Nanotechnology; in a very determined way, having a great team relationship, being creative and committed.
Growing concerns about the safe introduction of nanomaterials into today’s life emphasises the need to create regulatory documentation in front of characterising, using and testing them. Dr Anny Manrich worked for two years on a characterization project for nanoscale materials, with the aim of exploring their possible health effects.
Despite not having specific academic training in packaging or polymeric films, Dr Anny Manrich works at the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation in areas of edible and biodegradable films produced from agricultural waste and in the development of films with greater resistance to water, having articles published in renowned scientific journals, which demonstrates her multidisciplinary understanding and creativity.
In addition, she worked for four years as a consultant to a food company to develop a line of snacks that are healthy and that add functional ingredients, physiologically active compounds that bring health benefits, made from fruits and vegetables, enabling diet improvement, disease prevention and reduction of nutritional deficiencies.
Dr Anny Manrich participated as a member of the examination board for two Master’s exams and one PhD exam at the Department of Chemical Engineering of the Federal University of São Carlos.
Education:
- 2001 Bachelor in Food Engineering at the State University of Campinas, Brazil
- 1999 One year scholarship at the Technical University of Munich
- 2004 Master in Chemical Engineering at the Federal University of São Carlos, Brazil
- 2012 PhD in Chemical Engineering at the Federal University of São Carlos, Brazil
- 2010 One year scholarship at the Technical University of Munich
The main publications of Dr. Anny Manrich are:
Articles
Manrich, A., Moreira, F. K., Otoni, C. G., Lorevice, M. V., Martins, M. A., & Mattoso, L. H. (2017). Hydrophobic edible films made up of tomato cutin and pectin. Carbohydrate Polymers, 164, 83-91.
Mendes, J. F., Norcino, L. B., Martins, H. H. A., Manrich, A., Otoni, C. G., Carvalho, E. E. N., … & Mattoso, L. H. C. (2020). Correlating emulsion characteristics with the properties of active starch films loaded with lemongrass essential oil. Food Hydrocolloids, 100, 105428.
Norcino, L. B., Mendes, J. F., Natarelli, C. V. L., Manrich, A., Oliveira, J. E., & Mattoso, L. H. C. (2020). Pectin films loaded with copaiba oil nanoemulsions for potential use as bio-based active packaging. Food Hydrocolloids, 106, 105862.
Manrich, Anny, et al. Immobilization of trypsin on chitosan gels: Use of different activation protocols and comparison with other supports. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 43.1 (2008): 54-61.
Manrich, Anny; Komesu, Andrea ; Adriano, Wellington Sabino; Tardioli, Paulo Waldir ; Giordano, Raquel Lima Camargo . Immobilization and Stabilization of Xylanase by Multipoint Covalent Attachment on Agarose and on Chitosan Supports. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, v. 161, p. 455-467, 2010.
Mendes, J. F., Martins, J. T., Manrich, A., Neto, A. S., Pinheiro, A. C. M., Mattoso, L. H. C., & Martins, M. A. (2019). Development and physical-chemical properties of pectin film reinforced with spent coffee grounds by continuous casting. Carbohydrate polymers, 210, 92-99..
Milessi, T. S., Kopp, W., Rojas, M. J., Manrich, A., Baptista-Neto, A., Tardioli, P. W., … & Giordano, R. L. (2016). Immobilization and stabilization of an endoxylanase from Bacillus subtilis (XynA) for xylooligosaccharides (XOs) production. Catalysis Today, 259, 130-139.
Mendes, J. F., Norcino, L. B., Manrich, A., Pinheiro, A. C. M., Oliveira, J. E., & Mattoso, L. H. C. (2020). Development, physical‐chemical properties, and photodegradation of pectin film reinforced with malt bagasse fibers by continuous casting. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 137(39), 49178.
Mendes, J. F., Martins, J. T., Manrich, A., Luchesi, B. R., Dantas, A. P. S., Vanderlei, R. M., … & Martins, M. A. (2021). Thermo-physical and mechanical characteristics of composites based on high-density polyethylene (HDPE) e spent coffee grounds (SCG). Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 29, 2888-2900..
Mendes, J. F., Norcino, L. B., Martins, H. H., Manrich, A., Otoni, C. G., Carvalho, E. E. N., … & Mattoso, L. H. C. (2021). Development of quaternary nanocomposites made up of cassava starch, cocoa butter, lemongrass essential oil nanoemulsion, and brewery spent grain fibers. Journal of Food Science, 86(5), 1979-1996.
Manrich, A., Martins, M. A., & Mattoso, L. H. C. (2021). Manufacture and performance of peanut skin cellulose nanocrystals. Scientia Agricola, 79.
Nascimento, V. M., Manrich, A., Tardioli, P. W., de Campos Giordano, R., de Moraes Rocha, G. J., & Giordano, R. D. L. C. (2016). Alkaline pretreatment for practicable production of ethanol and xylooligosaccharides. Bioethanol, 2(1)..
Manrich, Anny, de Oliveira, J. E., Martins, M. A., & Mattoso, L. H. C. Physicochemical and Thermal Characterization of the Spirulina platensis. J. Agric. Sci. Technol. B, v. 10, p. 298-307, 2020.
Book Chapter
Terra, I. A. A., Aoki, P. H., Delezuk, J. A. D. M., Martins, M. A., Manrich, A., Silva, M. J., … & Miranda, P. B. (2022). Técnicas de Caracterização de Polímeros. Nanotecnologia Aplicada a Polímeros, 614.
Conference Papers
Ferreira, L. F., Luvizaro, L. B., Manrich, A., Martins, M. A., Júnior, M. G., & Dias, M. V. (2017). Comparação da estabilidade de suspensões poliméricas de amido/tocoferol e quitosana/tocoferol. In: CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE POLÍMEROS, 14., 2017, Águas de Lindóia, SP.
Manrich, A., Hubinger, S. Z., & Paris, E. C. (2017). Citotoxicidade causada por nanomateriais: avaliação do micronúcleo. In: WORKSHOP DA REDE DE NANOTECNOLOGIA APLICADA AO AGRONEGÓCIO, 9., 2017, São Carlos. Anais… São Carlos: Embrapa Instrumentação, 2017. p. 655-658.
Manrich, Anny, et al. Immobilization and Stabilization of Xylanase by multipoint covalent attachment on Glyoxyl Agarose Support. The 31st Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals. 2009.
Manrich, Anny, et al. Application of immobilized xylanase on hydrolysis of soluble wood hemicelluloses after using microwave and organosolv pre-treatments. The 32nd Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals. 2010.
You can view some of Dr Anny’s work below and links to her professional profile.
Research Gate: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Anny-Manrich-2
Scopus: https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=23103497100
Google Scholar: https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=Ea9qpr0AAAAJ
Linkedin: https://br.linkedin.com/in/anny-manrich-20693129
In this brief guide, we are going to answer the question “does dark chocolate expire” with an in-depth analysis of whether or not the dark chocolate expires. Moreover, we are going to discuss the shelf life of dark chocolate and the tips to properly store dark chocolate.
So without much ado, let’s dive in and figure out more about it.
Does dark chocolate expire?
Yes, dark chocolate’s quality can degrade and ultimately it can go bad. With improper storage,these changes can be magnified, causing an increase in particle size,which is an extremely important mouthfeel.
Various storage conditions may lead to development of either fat bloom or sugar bloom,both of which compromise visual and textural quality. (1)
The deterioration of dark chocolate bars is characterized by unappetizing flavors and odors, as well as the development of superficial slime. Multiple authors have documented various changes observed in pralines due to mold growth. (2)
What factors affect the shelf life of dark chocolate?
The longevity of chocolate is influenced by several factors, such as the storage temperature and humidity, the presence of oxygen in its surroundings, which is closely tied to the type of packaging utilized, and the inclusion of additional ingredients like fats, nuts, etc. (3)
Processing of these chocolates is complex owing to the interaction of their ingredients (cocoa, cocoa butter and sugar) in the formation of a complex emulsion and their production stages such as: mixing, refining, conching, tempering, molding and packaging. (4)
When the drying process is accelerated, for example, it results in the production of acetic acid, which imparts unpleasant flavors to the chocolate. Conversely, if the drying process is too slow, it promotes significant mold growth and prevents the chocolate from attaining its optimal color. (5)
What is the shelf life of dark chocolate?
Chocolate typically maintains a shelf life of approximately 12 to 24 months, but over time, structural changes take place. When stored adequately, these changes can be intensified, leading to an increase in particle size, which significantly impacts the mouthfeel experience. (1)
During the processing and storage of chocolate, fats are highly vulnerable to oxidation. These fats play a crucial role not only in the nutritional value of chocolates but also in their overall industrial quality.
The successful prevention of their deterioration through appropriate processing techniques is vital in determining the ultimate quality of the chocolate product. (4)
What are the signs of dark chocolate spoilage?
The deterioration of traditional chocolate bars involves undesirable tastes, odors, and the formation of superficial slime. In the chocolate industry, bloom is the primary factor responsible for quality deterioration.
Depending on the storage conditions, either fat bloom or sugar bloom can develop, both leading to changes in particle size as bloom forms. (1, 2)
Among the fats found in chocolate, monounsaturated fats are particularly sensitive and quickly degrade due to exposure to light, oxygen, temperature, and air.
Additionally, the properties of chocolate, including hardness and viscosity, stem from the interplay between the continuous crystallized fat phase and the dispersed solid particles.
The production process, conching, tempering (size, shape, surface), incorporation of new additives, and storage conditions all play a role in influencing these chocolate properties. (4)
What are the risks of eating spoiled dark chocolate?
Consuming old dark chocolate can potentially cause illness if it has been contaminated with harmful substances or if any of the added ingredients have passed their expiration date.
If you have signs such as headaches, vomiting, stomachaches, or diarrhea after consuming dark chocolate, it might indicate food poisoning.
Other potential symptoms include a decreased appetite and feelings of nausea. Usually, these symptoms should improve within a day or two. However, if they persist beyond this timeframe, it is recommended to seek medical attention for further evaluation and treatment.(6, 7)
How to store dark chocolate?
Proper storage of dark chocolate is crucial to maintain its quality. It should be kept in a cool, dry, and dark place, away from direct sunlight and heat. A suitable spot would be a cool and dry corner of your pantry.
Storing chocolate in various conditions can have detrimental effects, with high-temperature fluctuations causing the most negative changes. For the best results, it is advisable to store dark chocolate at a constant temperature and relative humidity.
When dealing with open dark chocolate, it is essential to use an air-tight container or a plastic zipper bag to preserve its freshness. Wrapping it in plastic wrap is also a suitable option to prevent air and moisture from degrading its quality.
If you decide to store dark chocolate in the fridge, ensure it is placed in an air-tight container or wrapped in a plastic bag to protect it from the moisture present in the fridge, which could affect the chocolate’s quality. (1)
Conclusion
In this brief guide, we answered the question “does dark chocolate expire” with an in-depth analysis of whether or not the dark chocolate expires. Moreover, we discussed the shelf life of dark chocolate and the tips to properly store dark chocolate.
Citations
- Liam. Nightingale, Soo-Yeun Lee, Nick J. Engeseth. Impact of Storage on Dark Chocolate: Texture and Polymorphic Changes. Journal of Food Science.76, 1 ,2011.
- Iacumin L, Pellegrini M, Colautti A, Orecchia E, Comi G. Microbial Characterization of Retail Cocoa Powders and Chocolate Bars of Five Brands Sold in Italian Supermarkets. Foods; 11 (18):2753. 2022.
- Mexis, S. F., Badeka, A. V., Riganakos, K. A., & Kontominas, M. G. Effect of active and modified atmosphere packaging on quality retention of dark chocolate with hazelnuts. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies, 11(1), 177–186. 2010.
- Luz Quispe-Sanchez, Marilu Mestanza, Manuel Oliva-Cruz, Nelson Rimarachín, Aline C. Caetano, Tony Chuquizuta, Malluri Goñas, Elizabeth Renee Ambler Gill, Segundo G. Chavez, Oxidative stability and physicochemical changes of dark chocolates with essential oils addition, Heliyon, 9, 7, 18139, 2023.
- Sharmistha Samanta, Tanmay Sarkar, Runu Chakraborty, Maksim Rebezov, Mohammad Ali Shariati, Muthu Thiruvengadam, Kannan R.R. Rengasamy, Dark chocolate: An overview of its biological activity, processing, and fortification approaches, Current Research in Food Science, 5, 1916-1943, 2022.
- BM Lund, SJ O’Brien, Public Health Measures: Food Safety in Hospitals and Other Healthcare Settings, Encyclopedia of Food Safety, Academic Press, 2014, 140-148.
- Food Safety https://www.foodsafety.gov/
