Can strawberries cause diarrhea? (+3 tips)
By
Dr Miguel Fernandez-Nino PhD
| Reviewed by
Dr Anny Manrich (PhD)
The contents of this article are fact-based except otherwise stated within the article.
Author bio
Dr Miguel Fernández-Niño is a food scientist with expertise in food biochemistry, Food microbiology, synthetic biology, food waste valorisation, and industrial biotechnology. He writes and reviews content on these topics.
Dr. Fernández-Niño’s Highlights:
- Colombian scientist, with a Ph.D. in Biochemical Engineering from the Jacobs University Bremen (Germany).
- Alexander von Humboldt Postdoctoral Fellow at the Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry in Halle (Germany).
- Expertise in using multi-omics approaches (e.g., metabolomics, metagenomics, and metatranscriptomics) to re-engineer products and processes of relevance for the food industry.
- Expertise in designing microorganisms (microbial biofactories and starter cultures) to produce value-added products and food waste valorisation.
“My professional goal is to contribute to the education and research in Food Engineering and Food Biotechnology. The major incentive of my career is to contribute to the diffusion of scientific knowledge in society, thus promoting rational thinking and evidence-based decision-making”- Dr. Fernández-Niño’s, PhD.
Professional Experience:
Dr Fernández-Niño works as an Alexander von Humboldt Postdoctoral Fellow, at the Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, in Halle (Germany). He leads a project that aims to improve fine-flavour cocoa bean fermentation for local farmers in Colombia through controlled fermentation systems.
Previously, Dr Fernández-Niño worked as a Postdoctoral Fellow on the bio-catalytic synthesis of isoferulic acid (BMBF project) in the same institution.
Dr Fernández-Niño also worked as a Postdoctoral researcher at the Department of Chemical and Food Engineering at Los Andes University in Colombia, working on the development of a platform to produce novel aroma precursor compounds and high value-added products from analysis of cocoa fermentation.
In addition, Dr. Fernández-Niño worked on the assembly of a platform for heterologous polyphenols production in E. coli from analysis of cacao fermentation pathways, in the same institution.
Dr. Fernández-Niño has been an occasional scientific adviser of Casa Luker S.A. (leader in the Colombian chocolate market), working on projects related to the post-harvesting of fine-flavour cocoa. He also worked as instructor and coordinator of the lab course General Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II Lab (Course No. CH02-520121) at Jacobs University Bremen (Germany) and as a Resident Associate in the same institution.
Finally, Dr Miguel Fernández-Niño has experience as Part-Time Assistant Professor, Occasional Professor, and Master Teaching Assistant.
Education:
- 2009 B.Sc. Biologist at Universidad Nacional de Colombia
- 2012 Master in Science – Biochemistry (Thesis “magna cum laude”) at Universidad Nacional de Colombia
- 2017 PhD in Biochemical Engineering at Jacobs University Bremen-Germany
The main publications of Dr Miguel Fernández-Niño are:
Fabio Herrera-Rocha, Miguel Fernández-Niño*, Mónica P. Cala, Jorge Duitama, Andrés Fernando González Barrios (2023) Omics approaches to understand cocoa processing and chocolate flavor development: A review. Food Research International. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112555
Fernández-Niño Miguel* and Burgos-Toro Daniela (2022) Engineering microbial biofactories for a sustainable future. Chapter edited by Catalina Correa & Adriana Suarez-Gonzalez in the book: Genomics and the Global Bioeconomy -1st Edition-. ISBN 9780323916011. Publisher: ELSEVIER: https://www.elsevier.com/books/genomics-and-the-global-bioeconomy/patrinos/978-0-323-91601-1
Fabio Herrera-Rocha, Mónica P. Cala, Ana Maria León-Inga, Jenny Lorena Aguirre Mejía, Claudia M. Rodríguez-López, Sergio Leonardo Florez, María José Chica, Héctor Hugo Olarte, Jorge Duitama, Andrés Fernando González Barrios, Miguel Fernández-Niño* (2022) Lipidomic profiling of bioactive lipids during spontaneous fermentations of fine-flavor cocoa. Food Chemistry. Volume 397. 133845, ISSN 0308-8146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133845.
Díaz-Bustamante ML, Fernández-Niño M, Reyes LH and Alvarez Solano OA (2022) Multiscale Approach to Dairy Products Design. Front. Chem. Eng. 4:830314. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fceng.2022.830314.
Ramón E. Jaimez*, Luigy Barragan, Miguel Fernández-Niño*, Ludger A. Wessjohann, George Cedeño-Garcia, Ignacio Sotomayor, Francisco Arteaga, (2022): Theobroma cacao L. cultivar CCN 51: A comprehensive review on origin, genetics, sensory properties, production dynamics, and physiological aspects. PeerJ 10:e12676 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12676.
Fabio Herrera‑Rocha, Mónica P. Cala, Jenny Lorena Aguirre Mejía, Claudia M. Rodríguez‑López, María José Chica, Héctor Hugo Olarte, Miguel Fernández‑Niño* & Andrés Fernando Gonzalez Barrios*. (2021): Dissecting fine‑flavor cocoa bean fermentation through metabolomics analysis to break down the current metabolic paradigm. Scientific Reports 11(21904) DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-01427-8.
Fernández-Niño, M., Rodríguez-Cubillos, MJ., Herrera-Rocha, F., Anzola, JM., Cepeda-Hernández, ML., Aguirre, L., Chica, MJ., Olarte, HH., Rodríguez, CM., Calderón, D., Ramírez-Rojas, A., Del Portillo, P., Restrepo, S., González Barrios, A.* (2021): Dissecting on-farm industrial fermentations of fine-flavour cocoa through metagenomic analysis. Scientific Reports 11(8638) DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-88048-3.
Buitrago Mora, HM., Arango Piñeros, M., Espinosa Moreno, D., Restrepo, S., Cardona Jaramillo, JEC., Álvarez Solano, OA., Fernandez-Niño, M., González Barrios, A.* (2019): Multiscale design of a dairy beverage model composed of Candida utilis single cell protein supplemented with oleic acid. Journal of Dairy Science. 102(11) 9749-9762 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2019-16729.
Fernández-Niño, M., Giraldo, D., Gomez-Porras, JL., Dreyer, I., González Barrios, A., Arevalo-Ferro, C.* (2017): A synthetic multi-cellular network of coupled self-sustained oscillators. PLOS ONE 12(6): e0180155 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180155.
Fernández-Niño, M., Marquina, M. Swinnen, S.,Rodríguez-Porrata, B., Nevoigt, E.*, Ariño, J. (2015):The Cytosolic pH of Individual Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cells Is a Key Factor in Acetic Acid Tolerance. Appl Environ Microbiol 81(22): 7813-7821 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02313-15.
Swinnen, S., Fernández-Niño, M., González-Ramos, D., van Maris, AJ., Nevoigt, E.* (2014): The fraction of cells that resume growth after acetic acid addition is a strain-dependent parameter of acetic acid tolerance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Yeast Res 14(4): 642-653 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1567-1364.12151.
Conference appearances and other speaking engagements
Selected courses delivered:
Course: Current technologies in the production of chocolates. (20 hours course). Invited as professor by the Department of Chemical and Food Engineering / Faculty of Engineering at Los Andes University-Colombia. July (2021).
Course: Design and assembly of microorganisms for the biomedical industry (20 horas course). Invited as professor by the School of Engineering and Science- Instituto Tecnologico de Monterrey (México). January 15-17 (2019)
Selected oral presentations and conferences:
Conference: Dissecting fine-flavour cocoa bean fermentation through multi-omics approaches. Speaker invited by the Organic Chemistry Department at The University of Buenos Aires -Argentina. Sep. 07 (2022).
Conference: Theobroma cacao L. cultivar CCN 51. Association of Producers of Fine Cocoa and Aroma (APROCAFA), Ecuador. March 15 (2022).
Conference: Biology of probiotics and prebiotics. Speaker invited by the Chemical and Food Engineer Department at Los Andes University-Colombia. June 27 (2020).
Conference: Pandemic food revolution. Speaker invited by the Chemical and Food Engineer Department at Los Andes University-Colombia. May 5 (2020).
Conference: Biochemistry and microbiology of cocoa fermentation. Speaker invited to the elective course: cocoa and Chocolate, organized by Casa Luker and the Department of Chemical Engineering at Los Andes University-Colombia. February 5 and 7 (2019)
Oral presentation: Lipidomic profiling of bioactive lipids during spontaneous fermentation of fine-flavour cocoa. Metabolomics 2022. Valencia, Spain. June 19-23 (2022).
Oral presentation: Exploration of Saccharomyces cerevisiae intra-species diversity for the identification of novel genetic determinants for acetic acid tolerance with the help of pooled-segregant RNA sequencing. ISSY33 International Specialized Symposium on Yeasts at University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, June 24-29. (2017)
You can view some of Dr Miguel’s work below and links to his professional profile.
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Miguel-Fernandez-Nino
https://www.linkedin.com/in/miguel-fern%C3%A1ndez-ni%C3%B1o-4a064b168/?locale=en_US
https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=JBb1zuoAAAAJ&hl=en
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8231-7989
https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=56123747300
https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/1296449/overview
https://www.intechopen.com/profiles/158295
Reviewer bio
Dr Anny Manrich PhD is a food Engineer with expertise in Food Technology, Natural Polymers, Edible Films, Enzymes, and Nanotechnology. She writes and reviews content on these topics.
Dr Anny Manrich’s Highlights:
- Research and Technology at the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation
- PhD in Chemical Engineering with a focus on Biochemistry at the Federal University of Sao Carlos/ Brazil and a one-year scholarship at the Technical University of Munich/ Germany
- Bachelor of Food Engineering at the University of Campinas/ Brazil and a one-year scholarship at the Technical University of Munich/ Germany
“To solve a problem, global vision and multifactorial understanding are necessary. Therefore, in addition to expertise, one should seek multidisciplinary thinking connected with science and reality” – Dr Anny Manrich, PhD.
Professional Experience:
Dr Anny Manrich’s Experience Joining the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, as soon as she completed her doctorate,
Dr Anny Manrich has worked on several projects, including the more than three-year partnership project with BRF, a major food producer in Brazil. As a postdoctoral fellow.
Dr Anny Manrich has also contributed to several business consultancies and research projects of the National Nanotechnology Laboratory System in areas such as food technology, fibres, films and coatings and Nanotechnology; in a very determined way, having a great team relationship, being creative and committed.
Growing concerns about the safe introduction of nanomaterials into today’s life emphasises the need to create regulatory documentation in front of characterising, using and testing them. Dr Anny Manrich worked for two years on a characterization project for nanoscale materials, with the aim of exploring their possible health effects.
Despite not having specific academic training in packaging or polymeric films, Dr Anny Manrich works at the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation in areas of edible and biodegradable films produced from agricultural waste and in the development of films with greater resistance to water, having articles published in renowned scientific journals, which demonstrates her multidisciplinary understanding and creativity.
In addition, she worked for four years as a consultant to a food company to develop a line of snacks that are healthy and that add functional ingredients, physiologically active compounds that bring health benefits, made from fruits and vegetables, enabling diet improvement, disease prevention and reduction of nutritional deficiencies.
Dr Anny Manrich participated as a member of the examination board for two Master’s exams and one PhD exam at the Department of Chemical Engineering of the Federal University of São Carlos.
Education:
- 2001 Bachelor in Food Engineering at the State University of Campinas, Brazil
- 1999 One year scholarship at the Technical University of Munich
- 2004 Master in Chemical Engineering at the Federal University of São Carlos, Brazil
- 2012 PhD in Chemical Engineering at the Federal University of São Carlos, Brazil
- 2010 One year scholarship at the Technical University of Munich
The main publications of Dr. Anny Manrich are:
Articles
Manrich, A., Moreira, F. K., Otoni, C. G., Lorevice, M. V., Martins, M. A., & Mattoso, L. H. (2017). Hydrophobic edible films made up of tomato cutin and pectin. Carbohydrate Polymers, 164, 83-91.
Mendes, J. F., Norcino, L. B., Martins, H. H. A., Manrich, A., Otoni, C. G., Carvalho, E. E. N., … & Mattoso, L. H. C. (2020). Correlating emulsion characteristics with the properties of active starch films loaded with lemongrass essential oil. Food Hydrocolloids, 100, 105428.
Norcino, L. B., Mendes, J. F., Natarelli, C. V. L., Manrich, A., Oliveira, J. E., & Mattoso, L. H. C. (2020). Pectin films loaded with copaiba oil nanoemulsions for potential use as bio-based active packaging. Food Hydrocolloids, 106, 105862.
Manrich, Anny, et al. Immobilization of trypsin on chitosan gels: Use of different activation protocols and comparison with other supports. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 43.1 (2008): 54-61.
Manrich, Anny; Komesu, Andrea ; Adriano, Wellington Sabino; Tardioli, Paulo Waldir ; Giordano, Raquel Lima Camargo . Immobilization and Stabilization of Xylanase by Multipoint Covalent Attachment on Agarose and on Chitosan Supports. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, v. 161, p. 455-467, 2010.
Mendes, J. F., Martins, J. T., Manrich, A., Neto, A. S., Pinheiro, A. C. M., Mattoso, L. H. C., & Martins, M. A. (2019). Development and physical-chemical properties of pectin film reinforced with spent coffee grounds by continuous casting. Carbohydrate polymers, 210, 92-99..
Milessi, T. S., Kopp, W., Rojas, M. J., Manrich, A., Baptista-Neto, A., Tardioli, P. W., … & Giordano, R. L. (2016). Immobilization and stabilization of an endoxylanase from Bacillus subtilis (XynA) for xylooligosaccharides (XOs) production. Catalysis Today, 259, 130-139.
Mendes, J. F., Norcino, L. B., Manrich, A., Pinheiro, A. C. M., Oliveira, J. E., & Mattoso, L. H. C. (2020). Development, physical‐chemical properties, and photodegradation of pectin film reinforced with malt bagasse fibers by continuous casting. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 137(39), 49178.
Mendes, J. F., Martins, J. T., Manrich, A., Luchesi, B. R., Dantas, A. P. S., Vanderlei, R. M., … & Martins, M. A. (2021). Thermo-physical and mechanical characteristics of composites based on high-density polyethylene (HDPE) e spent coffee grounds (SCG). Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 29, 2888-2900..
Mendes, J. F., Norcino, L. B., Martins, H. H., Manrich, A., Otoni, C. G., Carvalho, E. E. N., … & Mattoso, L. H. C. (2021). Development of quaternary nanocomposites made up of cassava starch, cocoa butter, lemongrass essential oil nanoemulsion, and brewery spent grain fibers. Journal of Food Science, 86(5), 1979-1996.
Manrich, A., Martins, M. A., & Mattoso, L. H. C. (2021). Manufacture and performance of peanut skin cellulose nanocrystals. Scientia Agricola, 79.
Nascimento, V. M., Manrich, A., Tardioli, P. W., de Campos Giordano, R., de Moraes Rocha, G. J., & Giordano, R. D. L. C. (2016). Alkaline pretreatment for practicable production of ethanol and xylooligosaccharides. Bioethanol, 2(1)..
Manrich, Anny, de Oliveira, J. E., Martins, M. A., & Mattoso, L. H. C. Physicochemical and Thermal Characterization of the Spirulina platensis. J. Agric. Sci. Technol. B, v. 10, p. 298-307, 2020.
Book Chapter
Terra, I. A. A., Aoki, P. H., Delezuk, J. A. D. M., Martins, M. A., Manrich, A., Silva, M. J., … & Miranda, P. B. (2022). Técnicas de Caracterização de Polímeros. Nanotecnologia Aplicada a Polímeros, 614.
Conference Papers
Ferreira, L. F., Luvizaro, L. B., Manrich, A., Martins, M. A., Júnior, M. G., & Dias, M. V. (2017). Comparação da estabilidade de suspensões poliméricas de amido/tocoferol e quitosana/tocoferol. In: CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE POLÍMEROS, 14., 2017, Águas de Lindóia, SP.
Manrich, A., Hubinger, S. Z., & Paris, E. C. (2017). Citotoxicidade causada por nanomateriais: avaliação do micronúcleo. In: WORKSHOP DA REDE DE NANOTECNOLOGIA APLICADA AO AGRONEGÓCIO, 9., 2017, São Carlos. Anais… São Carlos: Embrapa Instrumentação, 2017. p. 655-658.
Manrich, Anny, et al. Immobilization and Stabilization of Xylanase by multipoint covalent attachment on Glyoxyl Agarose Support. The 31st Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals. 2009.
Manrich, Anny, et al. Application of immobilized xylanase on hydrolysis of soluble wood hemicelluloses after using microwave and organosolv pre-treatments. The 32nd Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals. 2010.
You can view some of Dr Anny’s work below and links to her professional profile.
Research Gate: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Anny-Manrich-2
Scopus: https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=23103497100
Google Scholar: https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=Ea9qpr0AAAAJ
Linkedin: https://br.linkedin.com/in/anny-manrich-20693129
In this article, we will answer the question “Can strawberries cause diarrhea?”, and what are the health benefits of strawberries?
Can strawberries cause diarrhea?
Yes, eating strawberries can cause diarrhea in certain individuals due to several reasons. Firstly, allergies or sensitivities to strawberries can trigger gastrointestinal symptoms, which includes diarrhea (1-2).
Secondly, the natural sugar fructose found in strawberries can be problematic for individuals with fructose intolerance, leading to digestive issues (3).
Additionally, the high fiber content in strawberries can contribute to loose stools or diarrhea, particularly if someone is not accustomed to consuming a lot of fiber (4).
Lastly, pesticide residues and pathogens on strawberries may affect your health, causing digestive disturbances including diarrhea (5-6) .
What are the main causes of experiencing diarrhea after eating strawberries?
The main causes of experiencing diarrhea after eating strawberries can be attributed to various factors including:
- Food poisoning: You might experience diarrhea after eating strawberries as a result of food poisoning, which can occur if strawberries come into contact with feces or contaminated soil, leading to the presence of pathogenic microorganisms (7-8).
Properly washing strawberries before consumption is therefore crucial to avoid microbial contamination and subsequent diarrhea (9).
- Underlying digestive issues: For individuals with chronic diarrhea, an allergic reaction to strawberries may be an indication of an underlying issue with their digestive system (10).
Consulting a healthcare provider is recommended in such cases to determine the root cause.
- Allergic reactions: Allergies or sensitivities to strawberries can also trigger different gastrointestinal symptoms including diarrhea (1-2)
- Fructose intolerance: Another cause is fructose intolerance, which hampers the digestion and absorption of fruit sugar (fructose) by the small intestine(3).
The undigested fructose then moves to the large intestine and undergoes fermentation by gut bacteria. This fermentation process can result in symptoms like bloating, constipation, and diarrhea (3).
What is the duration of diarrhea caused by strawberries?
The duration of diarrhea caused by strawberries can vary depending on different factors, including your overall health, the specific cause of the diarrhea, and how your body reacts to strawberries.
In general, if the diarrhea is solely due to a temporary sensitivity or intolerance to strawberries, it is likely to resolve within a few days.
However, if the diarrhea is a result of food poisoning from contaminated strawberries or a more severe underlying gastrointestinal condition, the duration may be longer.
Food poisoning can lead to acute diarrhea that typically lasts for a few days to a week (11). If the diarrhea persists beyond this timeframe or becomes severe, it is very important to seek medical attention for proper diagnosis and treatment.
If you frequently experience diarrhea after eating strawberries or have concerns about your symptoms, it is best to consult a healthcare professional for a thorough evaluation and appropriate guidance.
What to do if you are experiencing diarrhea after eating strawberries?
If you are experiencing diarrhea after eating strawberries, you should follow the next general recommendations:
- Hydrate: Diarrhea can lead to dehydration, so it’s important to drink plenty of fluids to replenish lost water and electrolytes (12). Opt for water, clear broths, oral rehydration solutions, and avoid caffeinated or sugary beverages.
- Rest your digestive system: Give your digestive system a break by avoiding solid foods for a short period. Stick to a bland diet consisting of easily digestible foods like rice, boiled potatoes, toast, and bananas.
- Monitor your symptoms: Keep track of the frequency and consistency of your bowel movements, as well as any additional symptoms you may experience.
If the diarrhea is severe, lasts for more than a couple of days, or is accompanied by other concerning symptoms like high fever or blood in the stool, seek medical attention immediately.
- Avoid triggering foods: If you suspect strawberries are causing your diarrhea, temporarily avoid consuming them to see if the symptoms subside.
Additionally, avoid other known trigger foods or substances that may worsen diarrhea, such as spicy foods, greasy foods, alcohol, and caffeine.
Conclusion:
In this article, we answered the question “Can strawberries cause diarrhea?”, and what are the health benefits of strawberries?
References:
1. Costa J, Mafra I. Rosaceae food allergy: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2023 Jun 15]; Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10408398.2022.2045897
2. Aninowski M, Kazimierczak R, Hallmann E, Rachtan-Janicka J, Fijoł-Adach E, Feledyn-Szewczyk B, et al. Evaluation of the Potential Allergenicity of Strawberries in Response to Different Farming Practices. Metabolites [Internet]. 2020 Mar 12 [cited 2023 Jun 15];10(3):102. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/10/3/102
3. Skoog S. Dietary Fructose and Gastrointestinal Symptoms: A Review. Off J Am Coll Gastroenterol [Internet]. 2004 [cited 2023 Jun 15];99(10). Available from: https://journals.lww.com/ajg/Abstract/2004/10000/Dietary_Fructose_and_Gastrointestinal_Symptoms__A.32.aspx
4. Giampieri F, Tulipani S, Alvarez-Suarez JM, Quiles JL, Mezzetti B, Battino M. The strawberry: Composition, nutritional quality, and impact on human health. Nutrition [Internet]. 2012 Jan 1 [cited 2023 Jun 15];28(1):9–19. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0899900711003066
5. Yu K, Newman MC, Archbold DD, Hamilton-Kemp TR. Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on Strawberry Fruit and Reduction of the Pathogen Population by Chemical Agents. J Food Prot [Internet]. 2001 Sep 1 [cited 2023 Jun 14];64(9):1334–40. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0362028X2204652X
6. Kobi HB, Martins MC, Silva PI, Souza JL, Carneiro JCS, Heleno FF, et al. Organic and conventional strawberries: Nutritional quality, antioxidant characteristics and pesticide residues. Fruits [Internet]. 2018 Jan 1 [cited 2023 Jun 15];73(1):39–47. Available from: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Organic-and-conventional-strawberries%3A-nutritional-Kobi-Martins/389817703b7a47cfb370ad8eb1897841c4897abd
7. Mohammed Ibrahiem Ahmad Odeh B, Batta Y. Biological Control of Gray Mold, Blue Mold & Rhizopus Soft Rot on Grape, Pear, Kiwi, Strawberry by Trichoderma Harzianum [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2023 Jun 2]. Available from: https://repository.najah.edu/items/a8fd70f7-17fe-4512-87d2-e4d607473132
8. Yin HB, Chen CH, Colorado-Suarez S, Patel J. Biocontrol of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica on Fresh Strawberries with Lactic Acid Bacteria During Refrigerated Storage. https://home.liebertpub.com/fpd [Internet]. 2022 May 4 [cited 2023 Jun 14];19(5):324–31. Available from: https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/fpd.2021.0091
9. Beumer RR, Kusumaningrum H. Kitchen hygiene in daily life. Int Biodeterior Biodegradation [Internet]. 2003 Jun 1 [cited 2023 Apr 24];51(4):299–302. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0964830503000416
10. Schiller LR, Pardi DS, Sellin JH. Chronic Diarrhea: Diagnosis and Management. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol [Internet]. 2017 Feb 1 [cited 2023 Jun 15];15(2):182-193.e3. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1542356516305018
11. Milaciu M V, Ciumărnean L, Orășan OH, Para I, Alexescu T, Negrean V. Semiology of food poisoning. Int J Bioflux Soc [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2023 May 10];8(2):108–13. Available from: http://hvm.bioflux.com.ro/docs/2015.108-113.pdf
12. McRobert GR. THE TREATMENT OF BACTERIAL FOOD POISONING. Br Med J [Internet]. 1934 Aug 8 [cited 2023 May 10];2(3841):304. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2445530/
